![]() ![]() The lever mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where it was used in a simple balance scale, and to move large objects in ancient Egyptian technology. The wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. The wedge and the inclined plane (ramp) were known since prehistoric times. The six classic simple machines were known in the ancient Near East. Other monuments, no longer standing, such as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the Pharos of Alexandria, were important engineering achievements of their time and were considered among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The pyramids in ancient Egypt, ziggurats of Mesopotamia, the Acropolis and Parthenon in Greece, the Roman aqueducts, Via Appia and Colosseum, Teotihuacán, and the Brihadeeswarar Temple of Thanjavur, among many others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of ancient civil and military engineers. ![]() The Ancient Romans built aqueducts to bring a steady supply of clean and fresh water to cities and towns in the empire. Later, as the design of civilian structures, such as bridges and buildings, matured as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the discipline of military engineering. 1250), meaning "innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention." ![]() The word "engine" itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium (c. Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, e.g., the U.S. The term engineering is derived from the word engineer, which itself dates back to the 14th century when an engine'er (literally, one who builds or operates a siege engine) referred to "a constructor of military engines." In this context, now obsolete, an "engine" referred to a military machine, i.e., a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult). Relief map of the Citadel of Lille, designed in 1668 by Vauban, the foremost military engineer of his age.Įngineering has existed since ancient times, when humans devised inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley, etc. The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property. The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD, the predecessor of ABET) has defined "engineering" as: ![]() The term engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning "cleverness" and ingeniare, meaning "to contrive, devise". The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied mathematics, applied science, and types of application. This beam engine is on display in the Technical University of Madrid.Įngineering is the use of scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, and buildings. The steam engine, the major driver in the Industrial Revolution, underscores the importance of engineering in modern history. ![]()
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